{ "name": "AUA State Insurance Appraisal Law Database", "url": "https://appraiserandumpireassociation.com/state-appraisal-laws/", "updated": "2026-10-20", "disclaimer": "Research summaries, not legal advice. Read each source before relying on it.", "topics": [ { "key": "license", "label": "State license" }, { "key": "fees", "label": "Contingency fees" }, { "key": "impartiality", "label": "Impartiality" }, { "key": "umpire", "label": "Umpire selection" }, { "key": "causation", "label": "Causation" }, { "key": "coverage", "label": "Coverage" }, { "key": "award", "label": "Award" }, { "key": "deadlines", "label": "Deadlines" } ], "categories": [ { "key": "statute", "label": "Statutes" }, { "key": "rule", "label": "Administrative rules" }, { "key": "guidance", "label": "Department guidance" } ], "states": [ { "abbr": "AL", "name": "Alabama", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Alabama Department of Insurance", "url": "https://www.aldoi.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Alabama Administrative Code, Chapter 482 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://admincode.legislature.state.al.us/administrative-code/482" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "AK", "name": "Alaska", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Alaska Division of Insurance", "url": "https://insurance.alaska.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Alaska Administrative Code, Title 3 (insurance chapters)", "url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/aac.asp#3.21" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "AZ", "name": "Arizona", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Arizona Department of Insurance and Financial Institutions", "url": "https://difi.az.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Arizona Administrative Code, Title 20, Chapter 6 (Insurance)", "url": "https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_20/20-06.pdf" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "AR", "name": "Arkansas", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Arkansas Insurance Department", "url": "https://insurance.arkansas.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Arkansas Insurance Department rules", "url": "https://insurance.arkansas.gov/legal/rules/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "CA", "name": "California", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Fire and property policies governed by California's standard form fire policy (Ins. Code §2071, as amended through Stats. 2018, ch. 639). AUA has not yet reviewed California rules on appraiser licensing.", "regulator": { "name": "California Department of Insurance", "url": "https://www.insurance.ca.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "California Code of Regulations, Title 10, Chapter 5 (Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0200-regulations/" }, "topics": { "impartiality": { "value": "Competent and disinterested", "rule": "California's standard form fire policy requires each party to select a competent and disinterested appraiser; the two appraisers then select an umpire (Ins. Code §2071).", "sources": [ { "title": "Cal. Ins. Code §2071 (standard form fire policy)", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS§ionNum=2071", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "Kacha v. Allstate Insurance Co., 140 Cal.App.4th 1023 (2006)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2304560/kacha-v-allstate-insurance/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Not allowed", "rule": "In Kacha v. Allstate Insurance Co., 140 Cal.App.4th 1023 (2006), the Court of Appeal held that an appraisal panel exceeded its powers by making coverage determinations and ordered the award vacated.", "sources": [ { "title": "Kacha v. Allstate Insurance Co., 140 Cal.App.4th 1023 (2006)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2304560/kacha-v-allstate-insurance/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Limited", "rule": "Kacha follows Safeco Ins. Co. v. Sharma (1984): unless the parties agree to give the panel broader powers, an appraisal panel may not decide whether the insured event caused the claimed damage. Read the opinions before relying on this summary.", "sources": [ { "title": "Kacha v. Allstate Insurance Co., 140 Cal.App.4th 1023 (2006)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2304560/kacha-v-allstate-insurance/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Reviewed under arbitration statutes", "rule": "Courts review appraisal awards under the arbitration statutes, including vacating an award where the appraisers exceeded their powers (Code Civ. Proc. §1286.2(a)(4)), as applied in Kacha.", "sources": [ { "title": "Kacha v. Allstate Insurance Co., 140 Cal.App.4th 1023 (2006)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2304560/kacha-v-allstate-insurance/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "fees": { "value": "Each side pays its appraiser; umpire shared", "rule": "\"Each appraiser shall be paid by the party selecting him or her and the expenses of appraisal and umpire shall be paid by the parties equally\" (Ins. Code §2071, Appraisal). AUA has not yet reviewed California law on contingency fees for appraisers.", "sources": [ { "title": "Cal. Ins. Code §2071 (standard form fire policy)", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS§ionNum=2071", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "Appraisers select; judge if no agreement in 15 days", "rule": "Where the appraisal request is accepted, the appraisers first select a competent and disinterested umpire; if they fail for 15 days to agree, a judge of a court of record in the state where the property is located selects the umpire on request of the insured or the insurer (Ins. Code §2071).", "sources": [ { "title": "Cal. Ins. Code §2071 (standard form fire policy)", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS§ionNum=2071", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "20 days to name appraiser; 15 days for umpire; paid 60 days after award", "rule": "Each party selects its appraiser and notifies the other within 20 days of the written request; the appraisers have 15 days to agree on an umpire before a judge may select one. The loss is payable 60 days after proof of loss is received and the loss is ascertained, either by written agreement or by filing the award with the insurer (Ins. Code §2071, Appraisal and When loss payable).", "sources": [ { "title": "Cal. Ins. Code §2071 (standard form fire policy)", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS§ionNum=2071", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "CO", "name": "Colorado", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses, as interpreted by the Colorado Supreme Court. HB26-1247, a 2026 bill that would have required a statutory appraisal process in homeowner's policies, was not enacted (status: Lost). AUA has not yet reviewed Colorado Division of Insurance Bulletin B-5.26 from an official copy.", "regulator": { "name": "Colorado Division of Insurance", "url": "https://doi.colorado.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Code of Colorado Regulations, 3 CCR 702 (Division of Insurance)", "url": "https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/NumericalCCRDocList.do?deptID=19&agencyID=86" }, "topics": { "impartiality": { "value": "Impartial means no advocacy", "rule": "In Owners Insurance Co. v. Dakota Station II Condominium Ass'n, 2019 CO 65, the court held that a policy requiring each party to select an \"impartial\" appraiser requires appraisers to be \"unbiased, disinterested, and unswayed by personal interest.\" They \"must not favor one side more than another, so they may not advocate for either party.\" The ruling construes the policy language before the court.", "sources": [ { "title": "Owners Insurance Co. v. Dakota Station II Condominium Ass'n, 2019 CO 65", "url": "https://www.coloradojudicial.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/17SC583.pdf", "type": "Case" } ] }, "fees": { "value": "Contingent-cap fee not partial per se", "rule": "In Dakota Station, the court declined to hold that a contingent-cap fee agreement (capping the appraiser's fee at five percent of the award) rendered the appraiser partial as a matter of law. Neither party believed the cap applied, and the billed fees bore no apparent relation to the appraiser's estimates. The court said it was \"wary of the possible incentives these agreements create.\"", "sources": [ { "title": "Owners Insurance Co. v. Dakota Station II Condominium Ass'n, 2019 CO 65", "url": "https://www.coloradojudicial.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/17SC583.pdf", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "CT", "name": "Connecticut", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Connecticut Insurance Department", "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/cid" }, "regulations": { "title": "Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies (eRegulations System)", "url": "https://eregulations.ct.gov/eRegsPortal/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "DE", "name": "Delaware", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Delaware Department of Insurance", "url": "https://insurance.delaware.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Delaware Administrative Code, Title 18 (Insurance)", "url": "https://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title18/index.html" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "DC", "name": "District of Columbia", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "D.C. Department of Insurance, Securities and Banking", "url": "https://disb.dc.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (Title 26: Insurance)", "url": "https://www.dcregs.dc.gov/Common/DCMR/TitleList.aspx" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "FL", "name": "Florida", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Residential property insurance appraisal; the pre-suit notice rules in §627.70152 apply to suits under residential or commercial property policies. AUA has not yet reviewed Florida rules on appraiser licensing or appraiser fees.", "regulator": { "name": "Florida Office of Insurance Regulation", "url": "https://floir.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Florida Administrative Code, Division 69O (Office of Insurance Regulation)", "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/Division.asp?DivID=446" }, "topics": { "umpire": { "value": "Disqualification on four grounds only", "rule": "An insurer or policyholder may challenge and disqualify a proposed umpire only if the umpire (1) is related to a party or its representative within the third degree; (2) previously represented a party professionally on the same claim or property; (3) represented someone with materially adverse interests in a substantially related matter; or (4) was an employer or employee of a party within the prior five years (Fla. Stat. §627.70151).", "sources": [ { "title": "Fla. Stat. §627.70151 (Appraisal; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/627.70151", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Panel decides if coverage admitted", "rule": "Johnson v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 828 So. 2d 1021 (Fla. 2002): \"causation is a coverage question for the court when an insurer wholly denies that there is a covered loss and an amount-of-loss question for the appraisal panel when an insurer admits that there is covered loss, the amount of which is disputed.\"", "sources": [ { "title": "Johnson v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 828 So. 2d 1021 (Fla. 2002)", "url": "https://static.case.law/so2d/828/html/1021-01.html", "type": "Case" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "Pre-suit notice: 10 business days; suit allowed 90 days later", "rule": "Before suing under a property policy, a claimant must give the Department of Financial Services written notice of intent to initiate litigation at least 10 business days before filing, and the insurer must respond in writing within 10 business days. If the notice alleges an act or omission other than a denial of coverage, the insurer must respond with a settlement offer or by requiring appraisal or another method of alternative dispute resolution. Limitation periods under s. 95.11 are tolled while appraisal is ongoing, and if appraisal has not concluded within 90 days after the 10-day notice period expires, the claimant may file suit without further notice (Fla. Stat. §627.70152(3)-(4)).", "sources": [ { "title": "Fla. Stat. §627.70152 (Suits arising under a property insurance policy)", "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/627.70152", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "GA", "name": "Georgia", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses, as interpreted by Georgia's appellate courts. The Supreme Court of Georgia rule below comes from an automobile total-loss case (McGowan); the Court of Appeals applied it to a homeowners claim in Lam.", "regulator": { "name": "Georgia Office of Commissioner of Insurance and Safety Fire", "url": "https://oci.georgia.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Rules and Regulations of Georgia, Chapter 120-2 (Commissioner of Insurance)", "url": "https://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/120-2" }, "topics": { "coverage": { "value": "Not allowed", "rule": "An appraisal clause \"can only resolve a disputed issue of value. It cannot be invoked to resolve broader issues of liability\"; using it that way would turn it into an arbitration clause, which is impermissible in insurance contracts under O.C.G.A. §9-9-2(c)(3) (McGowan v. Progressive Preferred Ins. Co., 281 Ga. 169 (2006), an automobile case). The Court of Appeals applied this rule to a homeowners policy in Lam v. Allstate Indemnity Co. (2014).", "sources": [ { "title": "McGowan v. Progressive Preferred Insurance Co., 281 Ga. 169 (2006)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1392389/mcgowan-v-progressive-preferred-insurance/", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "Lam v. Allstate Indemnity Co., 327 Ga. App. 151 (2014)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/7929773/lam-v-allstate-indemnity-co/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Extent of covered damage treated as coverage", "rule": "In Lam v. Allstate Indemnity Co., 327 Ga. App. 151 (2014), the insurer conceded wind damage to four shingles and the parties disagreed on how much of the roof the wind had damaged. The Court of Appeals (4-3) held that this disagreement was \"over coverage, which is not a proper basis for an appraisal,\" and affirmed dismissal of the homeowner's suit to compel appraisal.", "sources": [ { "title": "Lam v. Allstate Indemnity Co., 327 Ga. App. 151 (2014)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/7929773/lam-v-allstate-indemnity-co/", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "HI", "name": "Hawaii", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Hawaii Insurance Division", "url": "https://cca.hawaii.gov/ins/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 16 (Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs)", "url": "https://cca.hawaii.gov/hawaii-administrative-rules/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "ID", "name": "Idaho", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Idaho Department of Insurance", "url": "https://doi.idaho.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "IDAPA 18 (Department of Insurance) current rules", "url": "https://doi.idaho.gov/information/regulation/rules/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "IL", "name": "Illinois", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Entries marked (auto) come from 215 ILCS 5/398, which applies only to personal auto policies issued, renewed or delivered on or after July 1, 2027; they are not rules for home or commercial property claims. Entries marked (property) come from Illinois appellate case law on property policy appraisal clauses. AUA has not yet reviewed other Illinois property-appraisal topics.", "regulator": { "name": "Illinois Department of Insurance", "url": "https://insurance.illinois.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Illinois Administrative Code, Title 50 (Insurance)", "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/agencies/JCAR/AdminCode?title=50" }, "topics": { "fees": { "value": "No financial interest (auto)", "rule": "Appraisers must be \"disinterested\", defined as having \"no direct or indirect financial interest in the outcome of the appraisal.\" Each party pays its own appraiser and the umpire's cost is shared equally (215 ILCS 5/398).", "sources": [ { "title": "215 ILCS 5/398 (Right to appraisal, automobile)", "url": "https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=021500050K398", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "impartiality": { "value": "Competent and disinterested (auto)", "rule": "\"Competent\" means relevant expertise, training and experience in automobile damage valuation and claims practices; the umpire must be neutral, competent and disinterested (215 ILCS 5/398(a)).", "sources": [ { "title": "215 ILCS 5/398 (Right to appraisal, automobile)", "url": "https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=021500050K398", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "Appraisers select; court appoints if no agreement (auto)", "rule": "If the appraisers do not agree on the loss within 5 business days, they jointly select an umpire; if they cannot agree on an umpire within 15 business days, either party may petition a court to appoint one (215 ILCS 5/398(b)(3)).", "sources": [ { "title": "215 ILCS 5/398 (Right to appraisal, automobile)", "url": "https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=021500050K398", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Any two of three; binding (auto)", "rule": "An agreement by any two of the three (both appraisers, or one appraiser and the umpire) is binding on all parties; a final award is due within 5 business days of the umpire's selection (215 ILCS 5/398(b)(4)-(5)).", "sources": [ { "title": "215 ILCS 5/398 (Right to appraisal, automobile)", "url": "https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=021500050K398", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "7 / 5 / 15 / 5 business days (auto)", "rule": "Name appraisers within 7 business days of the demand; appraisers have 5 business days to agree; 15 business days to agree on an umpire; final award within 5 business days of the umpire's selection (215 ILCS 5/398(b)).", "sources": [ { "title": "215 ILCS 5/398 (Right to appraisal, automobile)", "url": "https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=021500050K398", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Some causation within appraisal (property)", "rule": "Xiang Zhao v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2025 IL App (2d) 240723 (homeowners hail claim): whether the hailstorm damaged the windows \"is not an issue of coverage. It is an issue of loss.\" The court held that \"[w]hile questions of law and coverage are to be decided by the court, resolving some questions of causation will be necessarily included in the appraisal process,\" and affirmed an order compelling appraisal.", "sources": [ { "title": "Xiang Zhao v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2025 IL App (2d) 240723", "url": "https://www.illinoiscourts.gov/resources/c45a0b83-7417-4343-b8fc-6d61182c387b/file", "type": "Case" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Decided by the court (property)", "rule": "In Zhao, the court said questions of law and coverage are for the court. It also held that the insurer's late-notice defense did not prevent appraisal: under the policy's terms, neither party waived its contractual rights by entering appraisal, and the effect of the delay could be decided later if the case continued.", "sources": [ { "title": "Xiang Zhao v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2025 IL App (2d) 240723", "url": "https://www.illinoiscourts.gov/resources/c45a0b83-7417-4343-b8fc-6d61182c387b/file", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "IN", "name": "Indiana", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses, as applied by the Indiana Court of Appeals.", "regulator": { "name": "Indiana Department of Insurance", "url": "https://www.in.gov/idoi/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Indiana Administrative Code, Title 760 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://iar.iga.in.gov/code/current/760" }, "topics": { "coverage": { "value": "Left to the court", "rule": "In Westfield National Insurance Co. v. Nakoa (Ind. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2012), the umpire's award listed $10,200 for loss of use \"if Court finds coverage for this loss.\" The court held that the award was \"not the last word on the subject\" and left the decision to the trial court, which properly declined to award it.", "sources": [ { "title": "Westfield National Insurance Co. v. Nakoa, No. 64A03-1108-PL-345 (Ind. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2012)", "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/pdf/2012/02/10/westfield_national_insurance_company_v._charlotte_nakoa_warren_e._rigg.pdf", "type": "Case" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Unraised policy defenses can be waived", "rule": "In Nakoa, the insurer \"stood silently and idly by\" while the appraisal valued the loss at replacement cost, without saying its own figure was actual cash value. The court held the insurer waived its ability to assert unmet conditions for replacement-cost coverage and affirmed judgment on the replacement-cost figure.", "sources": [ { "title": "Westfield National Insurance Co. v. Nakoa, No. 64A03-1108-PL-345 (Ind. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2012)", "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/pdf/2012/02/10/westfield_national_insurance_company_v._charlotte_nakoa_warren_e._rigg.pdf", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "IA", "name": "Iowa", "status": "reviewed", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal. Policies delivered, issued, continued or renewed in Iowa on or after January 1, 2026 must contain an appraisal clause that complies with Iowa Code chapter 522F (§522F.15).", "regulator": { "name": "Iowa Insurance Division", "url": "https://iid.iowa.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Iowa Administrative Code, agency 191 (Insurance Division)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/law/administrativeRules/chapters?agency=191" }, "topics": { "license": { "value": "Required", "rule": "Appraisers and umpires must hold an Iowa license (§522F.3, §522F.8). Licensing runs through the Iowa Insurance Division: Pearson VUE exam, NIPR application, fingerprints and a background check. Licensed appraisers and licensed umpires each need at least 24 CE credits, including 2 hours of ethics, every two-year license term.", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "Iowa Insurance Division: Appraisers", "url": "https://iid.iowa.gov/regulated-individuals/insurance-producers-related-professionals/appraisers", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance" }, { "title": "Iowa Insurance Division: Umpires", "url": "https://iid.iowa.gov/regulated-individuals/insurance-producers-related-professionals/umpires", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance" } ] }, "fees": { "value": "Contingency fees prohibited", "rule": "An appraiser or umpire \"shall not charge any party on a basis dependent on the outcome\" of the award, or through barter, gifts or favors (§522F.6(2), §522F.11(3)). No fee is owed if the appraiser or umpire abandons the appraisal before the award. Each party pays its own appraiser and an equal share of umpire fees and appraisal costs.", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "impartiality": { "value": "Competent and disinterested; conflicts disclosed", "rule": "Each appraiser attests in writing that they are competent and disinterested (§522F.14(2)), discloses any potential conflict within five business days of being hired, and withdraws within five business days if a conflict arises (§522F.7(2)). Conflicts include a personal financial interest in the outcome. An appraiser may not act, or have ever acted, as an adjuster or umpire on the same claim (§522F.7(11)).", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "State umpire list; Division selects if no agreement", "rule": "Within 15 calendar days of their selection, the appraisers agree on an umpire from the state umpire list. A party or appraiser may object for good cause within five business days (§522F.12). If the appraisers cannot agree, the Insurance Division randomly selects an umpire from the list, and a judge gives that selection deference (§522F.14(3)).", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Covered peril must be stated; case law not yet reviewed", "rule": "Chapter 522F requires each side to provide a scope of loss of a covered peril, and the award must state the covered peril (§522F.14). AUA has not yet reviewed Iowa case law on causation in appraisal.", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Policy terms still apply", "rule": "Payment of an award is subject to the policy's limits, terms, deductibles and prior payments, and the insurer must explain in writing any item specifically denied under the policy (§522F.16(2)).", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Binding; paid within 60 days", "rule": "The umpire's written itemized award must list ACV and amount of loss by coverage type and be signed by the umpire and at least one appraiser (§522F.14(5)). Unless the parties agree otherwise in writing, the award is binding and paid within 60 days; an insurer's motion to vacate for good cause must be filed within 30 days (§522F.16).", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "20 / 15 / 45 / 45 / 60 days", "rule": "Select appraisers within 20 days of the demand; agree on an umpire within 15 days; appraisers submit within 45 days of the umpire's selection; umpire issues the award within 45 days of the submissions; insurer pays within 60 days of the award (§522F.14, §522F.16).", "sources": [ { "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "KS", "name": "Kansas", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Enforceability of appraisal clauses in insurance contracts. The Kansas Supreme Court's 1997 ruling rests on a statute that was repealed in 2018; AUA has not yet reviewed how Kansas courts have treated appraisal clauses since then.", "regulator": { "name": "Kansas Insurance Department", "url": "https://insurance.kansas.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Kansas Administrative Regulations (Agency 40: Insurance Department)", "url": "https://sos.ks.gov/publications/pubs_kar.html" }, "topics": { "award": { "value": "Enforceability unsettled after 2018 repeal", "rule": "Friday v. Trinity Universal of Kansas, 262 Kan. 347 (1997): the court held that the Legislature intended the insurance exclusion in K.S.A. 5-401(c)(1) \"to apply to all insurance contracts that require any form of arbitration,\" and that the appraisal provision before it was \"a form of an arbitration clause and is therefore prohibited.\" K.S.A. 5-401 was repealed by L. 2018, ch. 90, §35. The current validity section, K.S.A. 5-428(a), contains no insurance exclusion. HB 2351 (2025-2026), which would have made certain agreements to appraise or arbitrate in insurance contracts invalid, died. AUA has not reviewed post-2018 Kansas decisions on the question.", "sources": [ { "title": "Friday v. Trinity Universal of Kansas, 262 Kan. 347 (1997)", "url": "https://static.case.law/kan/262/html/0347-01.html", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "K.S.A. 5-401 (repealed 2018)", "url": "https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch05/005_004_0001.html", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "K.S.A. 5-428 (Validity of agreement to arbitrate)", "url": "https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch05/005_004_0028.html", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "Kansas HB 2351 (2025-2026), appraisal and arbitration in insurance contracts (died)", "url": "https://kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/hb2351/", "type": "Bill", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "KY", "name": "Kentucky", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Kentucky Department of Insurance", "url": "https://insurance.ky.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Kentucky Administrative Regulations, Title 806 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/806/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "LA", "name": "Louisiana", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal where the insurer has accepted coverage in whole or in part and the parties dispute the amount of loss, for policies issued, delivered or renewed in Louisiana (La. R.S. 22:1807.12, added by Acts 2024, No. 625).", "regulator": { "name": "Louisiana Department of Insurance", "url": "https://www.ldi.la.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Louisiana Department of Insurance bulletins, directives and regulations", "url": "https://www.ldi.la.gov/industry/laws-and-bulletins/search-bulletins-directives-regulations" }, "topics": { "license": { "value": "Registration with the Commissioner", "rule": "An appraiser must have at least three years of experience, experience or training in estimating property damage, and an active license as an engineer, architect, adjuster, public adjuster or general contractor (La. R.S. 22:1807.14), and must register with the Commissioner, who publishes the list (§1807.15). An umpire must qualify as an appraiser or be a Louisiana attorney experienced in first-party property damage litigation (§1807.17); umpires who want to be on the Commissioner's list must register (§1807.18). The Commissioner may revoke registrations.", "sources": [ { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.14 (Appraiser qualifications; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389212", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.15 (Appraiser registration; revocation)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389214", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.17 (Umpire qualifications; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389216", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.18 (Umpire registration; revocation)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389221", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "fees": { "value": "Contingency fees prohibited", "rule": "Parties may not pay an appraiser or umpire \"on a contingent fee basis, percentage of the decision, barter arrangement, gift, favor, or in-kind exchange\" (La. R.S. 22:1807.23(C); see also §1807.16(E), §1807.20). Each party pays its own appraiser and half of the umpire's fees and appraisal costs; no umpire fee is owed if the parties settle before the umpire begins work. A Commissioner-selected umpire charges an hourly rate set by the Commissioner (§1807.21).", "sources": [ { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.23 (Costs)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389230", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.16 (Appraiser obligations)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389215", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.21 (Additional obligations for commissioner-selected umpires)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389226", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "impartiality": { "value": "Independent and qualified; conflicts disclosed", "rule": "Each side selects an appraiser \"who is independent and qualified\" (La. R.S. 22:1807.13). Appraisers and umpires must disclose potential conflicts no later than five days after being hired and before starting work, and the statute lists disqualifying conflicts, such as a family member who is a party or works for a party, or a pending lawsuit against the insurer (§1807.14, §1807.16, §1807.17). Separate communications with the umpire are prohibited except for listed logistical matters (§1807.22).", "sources": [ { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.13 (Appraisal process)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389211", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.14 (Appraiser qualifications; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389212", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.16 (Appraiser obligations)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389215", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.17 (Umpire qualifications; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389216", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.22 (Prohibited communications)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389229", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "Judge selects, or Commissioner panel", "rule": "If the appraisers cannot agree on an umpire, either may ask a judge to select a qualified umpire. Alternatively, the appraisers may agree to ask the Commissioner, who randomly notifies at least five registered umpires and sends the parties a panel to choose from; if they still cannot agree, they may agree to a random selection from the panel, or a judge appoints (La. R.S. 22:1807.13, §1807.19). The umpire may not begin work until the appraisers fail to agree and direct the umpire in writing (§1807.20).", "sources": [ { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.13 (Appraisal process)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389211", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.19 (Umpire selection)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389224", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.20 (Umpire obligations)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389225", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Only for accepted claims; policy terms still apply", "rule": "The statutory appraisal process applies when the insurer has accepted coverage in whole or in part and the dispute is over the amount of loss on the accepted portion (La. R.S. 22:1807.12). The award sets the amount of loss subject to the policy's terms, limits, deductibles and conditions (§1807.13(D)).", "sources": [ { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.12 (Applicability)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389208", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.13 (Appraisal process)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389211", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Itemized decision of any two", "rule": "An itemized decision agreed to by both appraisers, or by one appraiser and the umpire, sets the amount of loss the insurer will pay, subject to policy terms. The umpire may agree with either or both appraisers on a compromise basis (La. R.S. 22:1807.13(D)) and must give the parties an itemized written decision (§1807.20).", "sources": [ { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.13 (Appraisal process)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389211", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.20 (Umpire obligations)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389225", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "Demand within a reasonable time", "rule": "In Alina LLC v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. (W.D. La. Aug. 31, 2026), the district court reversed an order compelling appraisal after finding error in how a reasonable-time standard was applied to the undisputed facts. A district-court ruling, specific to its record.", "sources": [ { "title": "Alina LLC v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., No. 5:26-cv-00692 (W.D. La. Aug. 31, 2026)", "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/louisiana/lawdce/5%3A2026cv00692/217279/29/", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "ME", "name": "Maine", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Maine Bureau of Insurance", "url": "https://www.maine.gov/pfr/insurance/home" }, "regulations": { "title": "Maine Bureau of Insurance laws and rules (Code of Maine Rules, 02-031)", "url": "https://www.maine.gov/pfr/insurance/legal" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "MD", "name": "Maryland", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Maryland Insurance Administration", "url": "https://insurance.maryland.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAR), Title 31 (Maryland Insurance Administration)", "url": "https://dsd.maryland.gov/Pages/COMARSearch.aspx" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "MA", "name": "Massachusetts", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Massachusetts Division of Insurance", "url": "https://www.mass.gov/orgs/division-of-insurance" }, "regulations": { "title": "211 CMR (Division of Insurance regulations)", "url": "https://www.mass.gov/info-details/division-of-insurance-regulations" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "MI", "name": "Michigan", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services", "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/difs" }, "regulations": { "title": "Michigan Administrative Code (Administrative Rules System)", "url": "https://ars.apps.lara.state.mi.us/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "MN", "name": "Minnesota", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance. Minnesota's standard fire policy (Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3) contains the appraisal clause.", "regulator": { "name": "Minnesota Department of Commerce", "url": "https://mn.gov/commerce/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Minnesota Rules (insurance chapters)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/" }, "topics": { "impartiality": { "value": "Competent and disinterested", "rule": "Each party selects \"a competent and disinterested appraiser\" (Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3).", "sources": [ { "title": "Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3 (standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/65A.01", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "Appraisers select; court appoints if no agreement", "rule": "The appraisers first select a competent and disinterested umpire. If they cannot agree within 15 days, a district court judge in the county where the loss occurred may appoint one on written application with five days' notice (§65A.01, subd. 3).", "sources": [ { "title": "Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3 (standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/65A.01", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Allowed", "rule": "In Quade v. Secura Insurance, 814 N.W.2d 703 (Minn. 2012), the Minnesota Supreme Court held that an appraiser's determination of the \"amount of loss\" may include deciding the cause of the loss. Coverage questions remain for the courts.", "sources": [ { "title": "Quade v. Secura Insurance, 814 N.W.2d 703 (Minn. 2012)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/8280599/quade-v-secura-insurance/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Any two of three", "rule": "A written, itemized award of any two of the appraisers and umpire, filed with the insurer, determines actual cash value and loss. Each party pays its own appraiser and shares the umpire and appraisal costs equally (§65A.01, subd. 3).", "sources": [ { "title": "Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3 (standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/65A.01", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "20 days to name appraiser; 15 days for umpire", "rule": "Each party names its appraiser within 20 days of the written demand; the appraisers have 15 days to agree on an umpire before either party may ask the court to appoint one (§65A.01, subd. 3).", "sources": [ { "title": "Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3 (standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/65A.01", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "MS", "name": "Mississippi", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Mississippi Insurance Department", "url": "https://www.mid.ms.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Mississippi Insurance Department regulations", "url": "https://www.mid.ms.gov/mississippi-insurance-department/legal/regulations/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "MO", "name": "Missouri", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses. Missouri's arbitration statute excludes contracts of insurance (RSMo §435.350).", "regulator": { "name": "Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance", "url": "https://dci.mo.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Code of State Regulations, Title 20 (Department of Commerce and Insurance)", "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/20csr/20csr" }, "topics": { "coverage": { "value": "Not allowed", "rule": "Whether an appraisal provision applies depends on whether the dispute is over coverage or over the amount of loss. Using appraisal to resolve coverage would be arbitration, which §435.350 does not validate for contracts of insurance (American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Dixon, 450 S.W.3d 831 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014)).", "sources": [ { "title": "American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Dixon, 450 S.W.3d 831 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2761089/american-family-mutual-insurance-company-v-edward-dixon-and-kathy-dixon/", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "RSMo §435.350 (Validity of arbitration agreement, exceptions)", "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=435.350", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "causation": { "value": "Whether a peril caused the damage treated as coverage", "rule": "In Dixon, the insurer's appraiser concluded that scaling, pitting and pop-outs on the homeowners' concrete were caused by wear and tear, not hail. The court reversed summary judgment for the insurer, holding that the dispute was whether those claims were covered losses, not the amount of a covered loss, and could be litigated in court.", "sources": [ { "title": "American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Dixon, 450 S.W.3d 831 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2761089/american-family-mutual-insurance-company-v-edward-dixon-and-kathy-dixon/", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "MT", "name": "Montana", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Montana Commissioner of Securities and Insurance", "url": "https://csimt.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Administrative Rules of Montana", "url": "https://rules.mt.gov/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "NE", "name": "Nebraska", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Fire and lightning policies, which must conform as nearly as practicable to the 1943 New York Standard Fire Policy (Neb. Rev. Stat. §44-501, as described in Nebraska Department of Insurance guidance IGD-C11).", "regulator": { "name": "Nebraska Department of Insurance", "url": "https://doi.nebraska.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Nebraska Administrative Code (Title 210: Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://rules.nebraska.gov/" }, "topics": { "award": { "value": "Pre-dispute clause void; appraisal by agreement after a dispute", "rule": "In Rawlings v. Amco Insurance Co., 231 Neb. 874 (1989), the court held unenforceable a homeowners policy's appraisal clause that bound the parties to a nonjudicial determination of the amount of a future loss, and reversed a judgment for the insurer based on the insureds' refusal to appraise. The Department's guidance document IGD-C11 (October 20, 2022; previously CB-139) says fire and lightning policies \"should contain an appraisal provision that would permit appraisals only if agreed to by both parties after a dispute arises.\" The guidance describes itself as advisory.", "sources": [ { "title": "Rawlings v. Amco Insurance Co., 231 Neb. 874 (1989)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1745119/rawlings-v-amco-insurance/", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "Nebraska Department of Insurance Guidance Document IGD-C11 (Oct. 20, 2022)", "url": "https://doi.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/IGD%20-%20-%20C11.pdf", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "NV", "name": "Nevada", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Nevada Division of Insurance", "url": "https://doi.nv.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Nevada Administrative Code (insurance chapters 679A-697)", "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "NH", "name": "New Hampshire", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "New Hampshire Insurance Department", "url": "https://www.insurance.nh.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules, Ins (Insurance Department)", "url": "https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/state_agencies/ins.html" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "NJ", "name": "New Jersey", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance", "url": "https://www.nj.gov/dobi/" }, "regulations": { "title": "N.J.A.C. Title 11 (Insurance) laws and regulations", "url": "https://www.nj.gov/dobi/legsregs.htm" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "NM", "name": "New Mexico", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "New Mexico Office of Superintendent of Insurance", "url": "https://www.osi.state.nm.us/" }, "regulations": { "title": "New Mexico Administrative Code (Title 13: Insurance)", "url": "https://www.srca.nm.gov/nmac-home/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "NY", "name": "New York", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Fire and property insurance (N.Y. Insurance Law §3408).", "regulator": { "name": "New York Department of Financial Services", "url": "https://www.dfs.ny.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "DFS regulations (11 NYCRR, Insurance)", "url": "https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/regulations" }, "topics": { "umpire": { "value": "Court appoints if no agreement", "rule": "If the appraisers fail to agree on an umpire within the policy's time limit, a Supreme Court justice or county judge where the property is located must appoint a competent and disinterested umpire, on five days' written notice (Ins. Law §3408).", "sources": [ { "title": "N.Y. Insurance Law §3408", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ISC/3408", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Not allowed", "rule": "Appraisal determines actual cash value, replacement cost, the extent of the loss and the amount of loss; it proceeds under the policy's appraisal clause \"and not as an arbitration\" and may not determine whether the policy covers any part of the loss (Ins. Law §3408).", "sources": [ { "title": "N.Y. Insurance Law §3408", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ISC/3408", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Court can compel appraisal", "rule": "If a party fails to proceed with appraisal after the other's demand, either party may ask the court for an order compelling compliance (Ins. Law §3408).", "sources": [ { "title": "N.Y. Insurance Law §3408", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ISC/3408", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "NC", "name": "North Carolina", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "North Carolina Department of Insurance", "url": "https://www.ncdoi.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "North Carolina Administrative Code, Title 11 (Insurance), via the Office of Administrative Hearings", "url": "https://www.oah.nc.gov/rules-division" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "ND", "name": "North Dakota", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "North Dakota Insurance Department", "url": "https://www.insurance.nd.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "North Dakota Administrative Code (Title 45: Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://www.ndlegis.gov/agency-rules/north-dakota-administrative-code/index.html" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "OH", "name": "Ohio", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal awards challenged in Ohio courts.", "regulator": { "name": "Ohio Department of Insurance", "url": "https://insurance.ohio.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Ohio Administrative Code, Chapter 3901 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/3901" }, "topics": { "award": { "value": "Binding; narrow grounds to challenge", "rule": "In One Church v. Brotherhood Mutual Insurance Co., 2026-Ohio-2764, the Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed dismissal of a complaint challenging a binding appraisal award because it did not sufficiently identify a material mistake supporting relief.", "sources": [ { "title": "One Church v. Brotherhood Mutual Insurance Co., 2026-Ohio-2764", "url": "https://courtnewsohio.gov/cases/2026/SCO/0723/241329.asp", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "OK", "name": "Oklahoma", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Fire insurance policies issued in Oklahoma, which must follow the standard fire policy in 36 O.S. §4803(G), including its appraisal clause (last amended 2003).", "regulator": { "name": "Oklahoma Insurance Department", "url": "https://www.oid.ok.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Oklahoma Administrative Code (Title 365: Insurance Department)", "url": "https://rules.ok.gov/code" }, "topics": { "impartiality": { "value": "Competent and disinterested", "rule": "On written demand, each party selects \"a competent and disinterested appraiser\"; the appraisers first select \"a competent and disinterested umpire\" (36 O.S. §4803(G)).", "sources": [ { "title": "36 O.S. §4803 (Oklahoma standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=437235", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "Appraisers select; district judge if no agreement", "rule": "If the appraisers fail for 15 days to agree on an umpire, then on request of the insured or the insurer, after notice of hearing to the other party by certified mail, a judge of a district court in the county where the loss occurred selects the umpire (36 O.S. §4803(G)).", "sources": [ { "title": "36 O.S. §4803 (Oklahoma standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=437235", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "fees": { "value": "Each side pays its appraiser; umpire shared", "rule": "\"Each appraiser shall be paid by the party selecting him and the expenses of appraisal and umpire shall be paid by the parties equally\" (36 O.S. §4803(G)).", "sources": [ { "title": "36 O.S. §4803 (Oklahoma standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=437235", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Binds only the party that demanded appraisal", "rule": "An itemized written award of any two, filed with the insurer, determines actual cash value and loss (36 O.S. §4803(G)). Answering a certified question in Massey v. Farmers Insurance Group, 837 P.2d 880 (Okla. 1992), the court held that §4803(G) \"makes appraisal awards binding upon the party invoking the appraisal process, yet makes those same awards non-binding upon the party compelled to participate due to the other party's demand.\"", "sources": [ { "title": "36 O.S. §4803 (Oklahoma standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=437235", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "Massey v. Farmers Insurance Group, 837 P.2d 880 (Okla. 1992)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1180051/massey-v-farmers-insurance-group/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Amount of loss only (federal reading)", "rule": "Applying Oklahoma law, the Tenth Circuit described the appraisal process as \"only conclusive as to the amount of loss\" and said it \"has no bearing on coverage, causation, or other elements of liability,\" citing Massey (In re Hayes Family Trust, No. 15-6164 (10th Cir. Jan. 4, 2017)). This is a federal court's reading of Oklahoma law.", "sources": [ { "title": "In re Hayes Family Trust v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., No. 15-6164 (10th Cir. Jan. 4, 2017)", "url": "https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca10/15-6164/15-6164-2017-01-04.pdf", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "Massey v. Farmers Insurance Group, 837 P.2d 880 (Okla. 1992)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1180051/massey-v-farmers-insurance-group/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "20 days to name appraiser; 15 days for umpire", "rule": "Each party selects its appraiser and notifies the other within 20 days of the written demand; the appraisers have 15 days to agree on an umpire before either side may ask a district judge to select one (36 O.S. §4803(G)).", "sources": [ { "title": "36 O.S. §4803 (Oklahoma standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=437235", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "OR", "name": "Oregon", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Oregon Division of Financial Regulation", "url": "https://dfr.oregon.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 836 (Insurance Regulation)", "url": "https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayChapterRules.action?selectedChapter=836" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "PA", "name": "Pennsylvania", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Pennsylvania Insurance Department", "url": "https://www.insurance.pa.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Pennsylvania Code, Title 31 (Insurance)", "url": "https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/031/031toc.html" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "RI", "name": "Rhode Island", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation, Insurance Division", "url": "https://dbr.ri.gov/insurance-overview" }, "regulations": { "title": "Rhode Island Code of Regulations, 230-RICR (Department of Business Regulation)", "url": "https://rules.sos.ri.gov/organizations/title/230" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "SC", "name": "South Carolina", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses, as decided by the Supreme Court of South Carolina. Both decisions below are decades old; AUA has not yet reviewed later South Carolina treatment.", "regulator": { "name": "South Carolina Department of Insurance", "url": "https://doi.sc.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "South Carolina Code of Regulations, Chapter 69 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/coderegs/Chapter%2069.pdf" }, "topics": { "impartiality": { "value": "Appraisers are not advocates", "rule": "In L.D. Jennings Co. v. North River Insurance Co., 171 S.C. 548 (1934), the court, drawing on earlier precedent, observed that appraisers are not \"agents, representatives, or advocates of the party by whom they are selected\" and should exercise judicial impartiality. Allegations that an appraiser and the umpire adopted one side's figures without investigation stated a defense of partiality and bias.", "sources": [ { "title": "L.D. Jennings Co. v. North River Insurance Co., 171 S.C. 548 (1934)", "url": "https://static.case.law/sc/171/html/0548-01.html", "type": "Case" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Binding absent fraud or partiality", "rule": "Hendricks v. American Fire & Casualty Co., 247 S.C. 479 (1966): where the insurer admitted liability and the parties disagreed on the amount, referral to appraisers was proper. A mere mistake of judgment does not vitiate an award \"even though the award is for an inadequate sum\"; an otherwise valid award stands \"unless it is shown that there was fraud, actual or implied, or that the appraisers were not impartial.\" The court also discussed when notice of the appraisers' meeting is required where the policy is silent.", "sources": [ { "title": "Hendricks v. American Fire & Casualty Co., 247 S.C. 479 (1966)", "url": "https://static.case.law/sc/247/html/0479-01.html", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "SD", "name": "South Dakota", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "South Dakota Division of Insurance", "url": "https://dlr.sd.gov/insurance/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Administrative Rules of South Dakota, Article 20:06 (Insurance)", "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Rules/Administrative/20:06" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "TN", "name": "Tennessee", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance, Insurance Division", "url": "https://www.tn.gov/commerce/insurance-division.html" }, "regulations": { "title": "Rules of the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance, Chapter 0780", "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/rules/0780/0780.htm" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "TX", "name": "Texas", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses, as interpreted by the Supreme Court of Texas. Since January 1, 2026, personal auto and residential property policies delivered, issued or renewed in Texas must contain an appraisal provision complying with Insurance Code Chapter 1813 (SB 458, 2025); it excludes TWIA and commercial policies. TDI's implementing rules (28 TAC §§5.9800-5.9806) were proposed in 2026 and had not been adopted as of this review. Entries labeled TWIA come from Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574 and 28 TAC §5.4214 and apply only to Texas Windstorm Insurance Association claims. AUA has not yet reviewed Texas rules on appraiser licensing.", "regulator": { "name": "Texas Department of Insurance", "url": "https://www.tdi.texas.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "TDI rules (28 Texas Administrative Code)", "url": "https://www.tdi.texas.gov/rules/index.html" }, "topics": { "causation": { "value": "Allowed (within amount of loss)", "rule": "State Farm Lloyds v. Johnson, 290 S.W.3d 886 (Tex. 2009): \"Any appraisal necessarily includes some causation element\" because setting the amount of loss requires separating damage from the covered event from damage caused by everything else. Appraisers decide damages; courts decide liability. The court reaffirmed Johnson in In re ACE American Insurance Co. (Tex. May 8, 2026).", "sources": [ { "title": "State Farm Lloyds v. Johnson, 290 S.W.3d 886 (Tex. 2009)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2167431/state-farm-lloyds-v-johnson/", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "In re ACE American Insurance Co. (Tex. May 8, 2026)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/10856260/in-re-ace-american-insurance-company-endurance-american-specialty/", "type": "Case" } ] }, "coverage": { "value": "Amount of loss only", "rule": "Under Johnson, appraisers determine the amount of damage while questions of coverage and liability are reserved for the courts. For personal auto and residential property policies since January 1, 2026, the required appraisal provision is \"solely to determine the amount of loss\" (Tex. Ins. Code §1813.003(b)), and an appraisal \"does not affect any applicable policy terms\" (§1813.004(a)).", "sources": [ { "title": "State Farm Lloyds v. Johnson, 290 S.W.3d 886 (Tex. 2009)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2167431/state-farm-lloyds-v-johnson/", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code ch. 1813 (Appraisal of Disputed Losses), added by SB 458 (2025)", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00458F.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "impartiality": { "value": "TWIA: umpire qualifications and conflicts set by rule", "rule": "A TWIA appraisal umpire must be an engineer or architect with property-damage experience, an adjuster or public adjuster with estimating experience, an experienced general contractor, a licensed attorney, or a current or former Texas judge, and must have no disqualifying conflict, such as working for TWIA or the claimant, an open claim with TWIA, a current lawsuit with TWIA, or having adjusted the loss (28 TAC §5.4214, effective February 14, 2013). TWIA claims only.", "sources": [ { "title": "28 Tex. Admin. Code §5.4214 (TWIA appraisal umpire qualifications and conflicts), via Cornell LII", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/texas/28-Tex-Admin-Code-SS-5-4214", "type": "Regulation", "category": "rule" } ] }, "fees": { "value": "TWIA: costs shared equally", "rule": "For a TWIA appraisal, the claimant and the association \"are responsible in equal shares for paying any costs incurred or charged in connection with the appraisal,\" including any umpire-roster fee (Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574(d)(2)). TWIA claims only.", "sources": [ { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574 (TWIA: disputes concerning amount of accepted coverage)", "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/IN/htm/IN.2210.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "umpire": { "value": "TWIA: commissioner selects if no agreement", "rule": "If the two appraisers agree on an umpire, that person serves. If they cannot agree, \"the commissioner shall select an appraisal umpire from a roster of qualified umpires maintained by the department\"; the department may require registration and charge a reasonable fee for the roster (Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574(e)). TWIA claims only.", "sources": [ { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574 (TWIA: disputes concerning amount of accepted coverage)", "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/IN/htm/IN.2210.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Binding except fraud, accident or material mistake", "rule": "For personal auto and residential property policies since January 1, 2026, the amount of loss set by appraisal is binding on the policyholder and insurer \"except for fraud, accident, or material mistake relevant to the appraisal or an appraisal award made without authority,\" and the award must substantially comply with the policy's appraisal clause (Tex. Ins. Code §1813.004). For TWIA claims: the appraisal decision binds the claimant and TWIA on the amount of loss for an accepted claim and is not appealable, except that either side may sue within two years to vacate it and begin a new appraisal if it was obtained by corruption, fraud or other undue means; if a party's rights were prejudiced by an umpire's evident partiality or by corruption or misconduct of an appraiser or umpire; or if an appraiser or umpire exceeded their powers, refused a justified postponement, refused to consider material evidence or conducted the appraisal in a substantially prejudicial manner (Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574(f)-(g)).", "sources": [ { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code ch. 1813 (Appraisal of Disputed Losses), added by SB 458 (2025)", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00458F.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574 (TWIA: disputes concerning amount of accepted coverage)", "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/IN/htm/IN.2210.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "TWIA: 60 days to demand; statewide periods pending TDI rules", "rule": "A claimant who disputes the amount of loss may demand appraisal no later than the 60th day after receiving TWIA's coverage notice under §2210.573(d)(1) or (2). On a written request showing good cause, made within 15 days after that period ends, TWIA may allow 30 more days. A claimant who misses these periods waives the right to contest TWIA's loss determination. The appraisal must be completed within a period set by commissioner rule (Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574(b)-(d-1), (f)). For personal auto and residential property policies, Chapter 1813 requires the commissioner to adopt rules setting the period to complete an appraisal (§1813.002); TDI proposed those rules as 28 TAC §§5.9800-5.9806 and held a hearing on June 2, 2026. Check TDI for the adopted version and effective date.", "sources": [ { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574 (TWIA: disputes concerning amount of accepted coverage)", "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/IN/htm/IN.2210.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "Tex. Ins. Code ch. 1813 (Appraisal of Disputed Losses), added by SB 458 (2025)", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00458F.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" }, { "title": "TDI rule hearing, docket 2862: proposed 28 TAC §§5.9800-5.9806 (appraisal requirements)", "url": "https://www.tdi.texas.gov/alert/event/2026/06/2862docket.html", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "UT", "name": "Utah", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Utah Insurance Department", "url": "https://insurance.utah.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Utah Administrative Code (Rule R590: Insurance)", "url": "https://adminrules.utah.gov/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "VT", "name": "Vermont", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Vermont Department of Financial Regulation", "url": "https://dfr.vermont.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Vermont Department of Financial Regulation regulations", "url": "https://dfr.vermont.gov/regulations" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "VA", "name": "Virginia", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Virginia State Corporation Commission, Bureau of Insurance", "url": "https://scc.virginia.gov/pages/Bureau-of-Insurance" }, "regulations": { "title": "Virginia Administrative Code, 14VAC5 (Bureau of Insurance)", "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title14/agency5/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "WA", "name": "Washington", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Property insurance appraisal under policy appraisal clauses. HB 1645 (2025-2026), which would set a statutory property appraisal clause, had not passed the House committee as of October 20, 2026. Automobile appraisal rules are not covered here.", "regulator": { "name": "Washington Office of the Insurance Commissioner", "url": "https://www.insurance.wa.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Washington Administrative Code, Title 284 (Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=284" }, "topics": { "award": { "value": "Conclusive; bias claims may go to a jury", "rule": "Bainter v. United Pacific Insurance Co., 50 Wash. App. 242 (1988): the general rule is that an invoked appraisal award is \"conclusive as to the amount of loss,\" but where the insured questions fairness \"through allegations of bias, prejudice, or lack of disinterestedness on the part of either an appraiser or the umpire, factual issues properly reserved for jury determination may arise.\" The court affirmed confirmation of the award in that case.", "sources": [ { "title": "Bainter v. United Pacific Insurance Co., 50 Wash. App. 242 (1988)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6965610/bainter-v-united-pacific-insurance/", "type": "Case" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "WV", "name": "West Virginia", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "West Virginia Offices of the Insurance Commissioner", "url": "https://www.wvinsurance.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "West Virginia Code of State Rules (Title 114: Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://apps.sos.wv.gov/adlaw/csr/" }, "topics": {} }, { "abbr": "WI", "name": "Wisconsin", "status": "partial", "verified_at": "2026-10-20", "scope": "Insurance policies that contain appraisal provisions, which Wis. Stat. §631.85 permits subject to form approval under §631.20 (§631.85 does not apply to certain surplus lines forms).", "regulator": { "name": "Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance", "url": "https://oci.wi.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Wisconsin Administrative Code, Chapters Ins", "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/ins" }, "topics": { "umpire": { "value": "Court appoints on request", "rule": "If an approved policy provides for applying to a court of record for appointment of a disinterested appraiser, arbitrator or umpire, any court of record except the court of appeals or the supreme court may be asked, and \"the court shall make the appointment promptly\" (Wis. Stat. §631.85).", "sources": [ { "title": "Wis. Stat. §§631.83 and 631.85 (limitations; appraisal or arbitration)", "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/631/iii/85", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] }, "award": { "value": "Presumptively valid; narrow grounds to vacate", "rule": "Farmers Automobile Insurance Ass'n v. Union Pacific Railway Co., 2009 WI 73: \"Appraisals, then, are presumptively valid,\" and an appraisal \"may be set aside only upon the showing of fraud, bad faith, a material mistake, or a lack of understanding or completion of the contractually assigned task.\" Discovery into the appraisal requires prima facie evidence of such a claim. In Badgerland Restoration & Remodeling, Inc. v. Federated Mutual Insurance Co., 2024 WI App 36, the Court of Appeals held that a complaint stated a claim for breach of the policy where the insurer refused to take part after the insured invoked the appraisal clause.", "sources": [ { "title": "Farmers Automobile Insurance Ass'n v. Union Pacific Railway Co., 2009 WI 73", "url": "https://static.case.law/wis-2d/319/html/0052-01.html", "type": "Case" }, { "title": "Badgerland Restoration & Remodeling, Inc. v. Federated Mutual Insurance Co., 2024 WI App 36", "url": "https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinion/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=799325", "type": "Case" } ] }, "deadlines": { "value": "Limitation period tolled during appraisal", "rule": "An action on a fire insurance policy must be commenced within 12 months after the inception of the loss (Wis. Stat. §631.83(1)(a)), but the period of limitation is tolled while the parties conduct an appraisal or arbitration procedure prescribed by the policy or by law, or agreed to by the parties (§631.83(5)). The statute's annotations note that an agreement to appraise requires more than an agreement to meet and discuss the dispute.", "sources": [ { "title": "Wis. Stat. §§631.83 and 631.85 (limitations; appraisal or arbitration)", "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/631/iii/85", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute" } ] } } }, { "abbr": "WY", "name": "Wyoming", "status": "not-reviewed", "verified_at": null, "scope": null, "regulator": { "name": "Wyoming Department of Insurance", "url": "https://doi.wyo.gov/" }, "regulations": { "title": "Wyoming Administrative Rules (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://rules.wyo.gov/" }, "topics": {} } ], "authorities": [ { "id": "ca-2071", "title": "Cal. Ins. Code §2071 (standard form fire policy)", "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS§ionNum=2071", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "CA", "subjects": [ "impartiality", "fees", "umpire", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "fl-627-70151", "title": "Fla. Stat. §627.70151 (Appraisal; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/627.70151", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "FL", "subjects": [ "umpire" ] }, { "id": "fl-627-70152", "title": "Fla. Stat. §627.70152 (Suits arising under a property insurance policy)", "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/627.70152", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "FL", "subjects": [ "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "il-398", "title": "215 ILCS 5/398 (Right to appraisal, automobile)", "url": "https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=021500050K398", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "IL", "subjects": [ "fees", "impartiality", "umpire", "award", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "ia-522f", "title": "Iowa Code 2026, chapter 522F (Licensing and Regulation of Appraisers and Umpires)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/522F.pdf", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "IA", "subjects": [ "license", "fees", "impartiality", "umpire", "causation", "coverage", "award", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "ia-iid", "title": "Iowa Insurance Division: Appraisers", "url": "https://iid.iowa.gov/regulated-individuals/insurance-producers-related-professionals/appraisers", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance", "state": "IA", "subjects": [ "license" ] }, { "id": "ia-iid-umpire", "title": "Iowa Insurance Division: Umpires", "url": "https://iid.iowa.gov/regulated-individuals/insurance-producers-related-professionals/umpires", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance", "state": "IA", "subjects": [ "license" ] }, { "id": "ks-5401", "title": "K.S.A. 5-401 (repealed 2018)", "url": "https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch05/005_004_0001.html", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "KS", "subjects": [ "award" ] }, { "id": "ks-5428", "title": "K.S.A. 5-428 (Validity of agreement to arbitrate)", "url": "https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch05/005_004_0028.html", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "KS", "subjects": [ "award" ] }, { "id": "ks-hb2351", "title": "Kansas HB 2351 (2025-2026), appraisal and arbitration in insurance contracts (died)", "url": "https://kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/hb2351/", "type": "Bill", "category": "statute", "state": "KS", "subjects": [ "award" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-12", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.12 (Applicability)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389208", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "coverage" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-13", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.13 (Appraisal process)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389211", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "impartiality", "umpire", "coverage", "award" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-14", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.14 (Appraiser qualifications; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389212", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "license", "impartiality" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-15", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.15 (Appraiser registration; revocation)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389214", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "license" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-16", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.16 (Appraiser obligations)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389215", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "fees", "impartiality" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-17", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.17 (Umpire qualifications; conflicts of interest)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389216", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "license", "impartiality" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-18", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.18 (Umpire registration; revocation)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389221", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "license" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-19", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.19 (Umpire selection)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389224", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "umpire" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-20", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.20 (Umpire obligations)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389225", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "umpire", "award" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-21", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.21 (Additional obligations for commissioner-selected umpires)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389226", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "fees" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-22", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.22 (Prohibited communications)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389229", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "impartiality" ] }, { "id": "la-1807-23", "title": "La. R.S. 22:1807.23 (Costs)", "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1389230", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "LA", "subjects": [ "fees" ] }, { "id": "mn-65a01", "title": "Minn. Stat. §65A.01, subd. 3 (standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/65A.01", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "MN", "subjects": [ "impartiality", "umpire", "award", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "mo-435350", "title": "RSMo §435.350 (Validity of arbitration agreement, exceptions)", "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=435.350", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "MO", "subjects": [ "coverage" ] }, { "id": "ne-igd", "title": "Nebraska Department of Insurance Guidance Document IGD-C11 (Oct. 20, 2022)", "url": "https://doi.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/doc/IGD%20-%20-%20C11.pdf", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance", "state": "NE", "subjects": [ "award" ] }, { "id": "ny-3408", "title": "N.Y. Insurance Law §3408", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ISC/3408", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "NY", "subjects": [ "umpire", "coverage", "award" ] }, { "id": "ok-4803", "title": "36 O.S. §4803 (Oklahoma standard fire policy)", "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=437235", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "OK", "subjects": [ "impartiality", "umpire", "fees", "award", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "tx-1813", "title": "Tex. Ins. Code ch. 1813 (Appraisal of Disputed Losses), added by SB 458 (2025)", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00458F.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "TX", "subjects": [ "coverage", "award", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "tx-tdi-2862", "title": "TDI rule hearing, docket 2862: proposed 28 TAC §§5.9800-5.9806 (appraisal requirements)", "url": "https://www.tdi.texas.gov/alert/event/2026/06/2862docket.html", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance", "state": "TX", "subjects": [ "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "tx-tac-5-4214", "title": "28 Tex. Admin. Code §5.4214 (TWIA appraisal umpire qualifications and conflicts), via Cornell LII", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/texas/28-Tex-Admin-Code-SS-5-4214", "type": "Regulation", "category": "rule", "state": "TX", "subjects": [ "impartiality" ] }, { "id": "tx-2210", "title": "Tex. Ins. Code §2210.574 (TWIA: disputes concerning amount of accepted coverage)", "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/IN/htm/IN.2210.htm", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "TX", "subjects": [ "fees", "umpire", "award", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "wi-631", "title": "Wis. Stat. §§631.83 and 631.85 (limitations; appraisal or arbitration)", "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/631/iii/85", "type": "Statute", "category": "statute", "state": "WI", "subjects": [ "umpire", "deadlines" ] }, { "id": "naic-departments", "title": "NAIC directory of state insurance departments", "url": "https://content.naic.org/state-insurance-departments", "type": "Directory", "category": "guidance", "state": null, "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-al", "title": "Alabama Administrative Code, Chapter 482 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://admincode.legislature.state.al.us/administrative-code/482", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "AL", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ak", "title": "Alaska Administrative Code, Title 3 (insurance chapters)", "url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/aac.asp#3.21", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "AK", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-az", "title": "Arizona Administrative Code, Title 20, Chapter 6 (Insurance)", "url": "https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_20/20-06.pdf", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "AZ", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ar", "title": "Arkansas Insurance Department rules", "url": "https://insurance.arkansas.gov/legal/rules/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "AR", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ca", "title": "California Code of Regulations, Title 10, Chapter 5 (Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0200-regulations/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "CA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-co", "title": "Code of Colorado Regulations, 3 CCR 702 (Division of Insurance)", "url": "https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/NumericalCCRDocList.do?deptID=19&agencyID=86", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "CO", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ct", "title": "Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies (eRegulations System)", "url": "https://eregulations.ct.gov/eRegsPortal/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "CT", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-de", "title": "Delaware Administrative Code, Title 18 (Insurance)", "url": "https://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title18/index.html", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "DE", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-dc", "title": "District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (Title 26: Insurance)", "url": "https://www.dcregs.dc.gov/Common/DCMR/TitleList.aspx", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "DC", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-fl", "title": "Florida Administrative Code, Division 69O (Office of Insurance Regulation)", "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/Division.asp?DivID=446", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "FL", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ga", "title": "Rules and Regulations of Georgia, Chapter 120-2 (Commissioner of Insurance)", "url": "https://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/120-2", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "GA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-hi", "title": "Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 16 (Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs)", "url": "https://cca.hawaii.gov/hawaii-administrative-rules/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "HI", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-id", "title": "IDAPA 18 (Department of Insurance) current rules", "url": "https://doi.idaho.gov/information/regulation/rules/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "ID", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-il", "title": "Illinois Administrative Code, Title 50 (Insurance)", "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/agencies/JCAR/AdminCode?title=50", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "IL", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-in", "title": "Indiana Administrative Code, Title 760 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://iar.iga.in.gov/code/current/760", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "IN", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "ia-rules-191", "title": "Iowa Administrative Code, Insurance Division (agency 191) chapter index", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/law/administrativeRules/chapters?agency=191", "type": "Rule index", "category": "rule", "state": "IA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "ia-rulemaking", "title": "Iowa Insurance Division: administrative rules and rulemaking", "url": "https://iid.iowa.gov/legal-resources/rules", "type": "Regulator", "category": "guidance", "state": "IA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ia", "title": "Iowa Administrative Code, agency 191 (Insurance Division)", "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/law/administrativeRules/chapters?agency=191", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "IA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ks", "title": "Kansas Administrative Regulations (Agency 40: Insurance Department)", "url": "https://sos.ks.gov/publications/pubs_kar.html", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "KS", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ky", "title": "Kentucky Administrative Regulations, Title 806 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/806/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "KY", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-la", "title": "Louisiana Department of Insurance bulletins, directives and regulations", "url": "https://www.ldi.la.gov/industry/laws-and-bulletins/search-bulletins-directives-regulations", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "LA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-me", "title": "Maine Bureau of Insurance laws and rules (Code of Maine Rules, 02-031)", "url": "https://www.maine.gov/pfr/insurance/legal", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "ME", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-md", "title": "Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAR), Title 31 (Maryland Insurance Administration)", "url": "https://dsd.maryland.gov/Pages/COMARSearch.aspx", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MD", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ma", "title": "211 CMR (Division of Insurance regulations)", "url": "https://www.mass.gov/info-details/division-of-insurance-regulations", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-mi", "title": "Michigan Administrative Code (Administrative Rules System)", "url": "https://ars.apps.lara.state.mi.us/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MI", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-mn", "title": "Minnesota Rules (insurance chapters)", "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MN", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ms", "title": "Mississippi Insurance Department regulations", "url": "https://www.mid.ms.gov/mississippi-insurance-department/legal/regulations/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MS", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-mo", "title": "Code of State Regulations, Title 20 (Department of Commerce and Insurance)", "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/20csr/20csr", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MO", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-mt", "title": "Administrative Rules of Montana", "url": "https://rules.mt.gov/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "MT", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ne", "title": "Nebraska Administrative Code (Title 210: Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://rules.nebraska.gov/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NE", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-nv", "title": "Nevada Administrative Code (insurance chapters 679A-697)", "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NV", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-nh", "title": "New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules, Ins (Insurance Department)", "url": "https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/state_agencies/ins.html", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NH", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-nj", "title": "N.J.A.C. Title 11 (Insurance) laws and regulations", "url": "https://www.nj.gov/dobi/legsregs.htm", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NJ", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-nm", "title": "New Mexico Administrative Code (Title 13: Insurance)", "url": "https://www.srca.nm.gov/nmac-home/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NM", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ny", "title": "DFS regulations (11 NYCRR, Insurance)", "url": "https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/regulations", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NY", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-nc", "title": "North Carolina Administrative Code, Title 11 (Insurance), via the Office of Administrative Hearings", "url": "https://www.oah.nc.gov/rules-division", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "NC", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-nd", "title": "North Dakota Administrative Code (Title 45: Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://www.ndlegis.gov/agency-rules/north-dakota-administrative-code/index.html", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "ND", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-oh", "title": "Ohio Administrative Code, Chapter 3901 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/3901", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "OH", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ok", "title": "Oklahoma Administrative Code (Title 365: Insurance Department)", "url": "https://rules.ok.gov/code", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "OK", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-or", "title": "Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 836 (Insurance Regulation)", "url": "https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayChapterRules.action?selectedChapter=836", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "OR", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-pa", "title": "Pennsylvania Code, Title 31 (Insurance)", "url": "https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/031/031toc.html", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "PA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ri", "title": "Rhode Island Code of Regulations, 230-RICR (Department of Business Regulation)", "url": "https://rules.sos.ri.gov/organizations/title/230", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "RI", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-sc", "title": "South Carolina Code of Regulations, Chapter 69 (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/coderegs/Chapter%2069.pdf", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "SC", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-sd", "title": "Administrative Rules of South Dakota, Article 20:06 (Insurance)", "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Rules/Administrative/20:06", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "SD", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-tn", "title": "Rules of the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance, Chapter 0780", "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/rules/0780/0780.htm", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "TN", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-tx", "title": "TDI rules (28 Texas Administrative Code)", "url": "https://www.tdi.texas.gov/rules/index.html", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "TX", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-ut", "title": "Utah Administrative Code (Rule R590: Insurance)", "url": "https://adminrules.utah.gov/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "UT", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-vt", "title": "Vermont Department of Financial Regulation regulations", "url": "https://dfr.vermont.gov/regulations", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "VT", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-va", "title": "Virginia Administrative Code, 14VAC5 (Bureau of Insurance)", "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title14/agency5/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "VA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-wa", "title": "Washington Administrative Code, Title 284 (Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=284", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "WA", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-wv", "title": "West Virginia Code of State Rules (Title 114: Insurance Commissioner)", "url": "https://apps.sos.wv.gov/adlaw/csr/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "WV", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-wi", "title": "Wisconsin Administrative Code, Chapters Ins", "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/ins", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "WI", "subjects": [] }, { "id": "code-wy", "title": "Wyoming Administrative Rules (Department of Insurance)", "url": "https://rules.wyo.gov/", "type": "Administrative code", "category": "rule", "state": "WY", "subjects": [] } ], "cases": [ { "name": "Jamestown Villas Homeowners Association v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.", "state": "MN", "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit", "date": "2026-09-04", "citation": "No. 25-3154", "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca8/25-3154/25-3154-2026-09-04.html", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "The Eighth Circuit affirmed confirmation of an appraisal award after concluding the award was sufficiently clear under the Minnesota-law standards applied in the case.", "limits": "A federal appellate application of Minnesota law. Do not extrapolate it to other states without separate research.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Alina LLC v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.", "state": "LA", "court": "U.S. District Court, Western District of Louisiana", "date": "2026-08-31", "citation": "No. 5:26-cv-00692, Doc. 29", "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/louisiana/lawdce/5%3A2026cv00692/217279/29/", "topics": [ "deadlines" ], "summary": "The district court reversed a magistrate judge's order compelling appraisal after finding error in applying a reasonable-time standard to the undisputed facts.", "limits": "District-court order specific to its record; not controlling law elsewhere.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "One Church v. Brotherhood Mutual Insurance Co.", "state": "OH", "court": "Supreme Court of Ohio", "date": "2026-07-23", "citation": "2026-Ohio-2764", "url": "https://courtnewsohio.gov/cases/2026/SCO/0723/241329.asp", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "The court affirmed dismissal of a complaint challenging a binding appraisal award where the pleading did not sufficiently identify a material mistake supporting relief.", "limits": "Fact- and jurisdiction-specific. Read the opinion and the policy terms before treating it as a general rule.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Baytree, Condominium, Section Eight, Inc. v. Clear Blue Specialty Insurance Co.", "state": "FL", "court": "U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit", "date": "2026-05-21", "citation": "No. 24-10889", "url": "https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca11/24-10889/24-10889-2026-05-21.html", "topics": [ "coverage" ], "summary": "The opinion addresses a property insurance dispute involving appraisal demands, disputed damage scope, and the policy's notice and coverage provisions.", "limits": "Read the complete opinion for its holding and procedural disposition; this entry does not state a broader rule.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "In re ACE American Insurance Co.", "state": "TX", "court": "Supreme Court of Texas", "date": "2026-05-08", "citation": "Tex. May 8, 2026", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/10856260/in-re-ace-american-insurance-company-endurance-american-specialty/", "topics": [ "causation", "coverage" ], "summary": "The Supreme Court of Texas reaffirmed State Farm Lloyds v. Johnson and the broad contractual right to appraisal where the parties also dispute coverage, causation or bad faith.", "limits": "Mandamus proceeding on specific policy language. Read the opinion for the exact holding before relying on it.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Xiang Zhao v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.", "state": "IL", "court": "Illinois Appellate Court, Second District", "date": "2025-05-12", "citation": "2025 IL App (2d) 240723", "url": "https://www.illinoiscourts.gov/resources/c45a0b83-7417-4343-b8fc-6d61182c387b/file", "topics": [ "causation", "coverage" ], "summary": "Affirmed an order compelling appraisal of a homeowners hail claim. Whether the storm damaged the windows was a question of loss, not coverage; questions of law and coverage are for the court, but some questions of causation are necessarily included in appraisal. The insurer's late-notice defense did not prevent appraisal.", "limits": "One appellate district; property policy language specific to the case. AUA has not checked later history.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Badgerland Restoration & Remodeling, Inc. v. Federated Mutual Insurance Co.", "state": "WI", "court": "Court of Appeals of Wisconsin", "date": "2024-05-09", "citation": "2024 WI App 36", "url": "https://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinion/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=799325", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "Reversed dismissal of a complaint alleging that the insurer breached the policy by refusing to participate in appraisal after the insured invoked the appraisal clause.", "limits": "A ruling on a motion to dismiss; it does not decide the merits.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Owners Insurance Co. v. Dakota Station II Condominium Ass'n", "state": "CO", "court": "Supreme Court of Colorado", "date": "2019-06-24", "citation": "2019 CO 65", "url": "https://www.coloradojudicial.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/17SC583.pdf", "topics": [ "impartiality", "fees" ], "summary": "A policy requirement that each party select an \"impartial\" appraiser means appraisers must be unbiased, disinterested and unswayed by personal interest, and may not advocate for either party. The contingent-cap fee agreement in the case did not make the appraiser partial as a matter of law.", "limits": "Construes the policy's \"impartial\" wording; the fee holding rests on the facts found (neither party believed the cap applied). The case returned to the Court of Appeals on remand (2021 COA 114), which AUA has not reviewed.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Dixon", "state": "MO", "court": "Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District", "date": "2014-12-16", "citation": "450 S.W.3d 831", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2761089/american-family-mutual-insurance-company-v-edward-dixon-and-kathy-dixon/", "topics": [ "coverage", "causation" ], "summary": "Where the parties disputed whether concrete damage was caused by hail or by wear and tear, the dispute was over coverage, not the amount of a covered loss, so the appraisal provision did not apply and the homeowners could litigate it in court.", "limits": "One appellate district, decided on its record. AUA has not checked later Missouri decisions.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Lam v. Allstate Indemnity Co.", "state": "GA", "court": "Court of Appeals of Georgia", "date": "2014-03-26", "citation": "327 Ga. App. 151", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/7929773/lam-v-allstate-indemnity-co/", "topics": [ "coverage", "causation" ], "summary": "Where the insurer conceded wind damage to four shingles but the parties disagreed on how much of the roof the wind damaged, the disagreement was over coverage and not a proper basis for appraisal.", "limits": "Decided 4-3 with a dissent. AUA has not checked later Georgia treatment.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Quade v. Secura Insurance", "state": "MN", "court": "Supreme Court of Minnesota", "date": "2012-06-13", "citation": "814 N.W.2d 703", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/8280599/quade-v-secura-insurance/", "topics": [ "causation" ], "summary": "The court held that the \"amount of loss\" an appraiser determines can include deciding the cause of the loss.", "limits": "Causation remains reviewable by the courts, and coverage questions remain for the courts.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Westfield National Insurance Co. v. Nakoa", "state": "IN", "court": "Court of Appeals of Indiana", "date": "2012-02-10", "citation": "No. 64A03-1108-PL-345 (reported at 963 N.E.2d 1126)", "url": "https://storage.courtlistener.com/pdf/2012/02/10/westfield_national_insurance_company_v._charlotte_nakoa_warren_e._rigg.pdf", "topics": [ "award", "coverage" ], "summary": "An insurer that let an appraisal value the loss at replacement cost without raising its actual-cash-value position waived its replacement-cost conditions. An award item granted \"if Court finds coverage\" left that decision to the court.", "limits": "Waiver holding turns on the insurer's conduct in the case. AUA has not checked later Indiana decisions.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Farmers Automobile Insurance Ass'n v. Union Pacific Railway Co.", "state": "WI", "court": "Supreme Court of Wisconsin", "date": "2009-07-10", "citation": "2009 WI 73", "url": "https://static.case.law/wis-2d/319/html/0052-01.html", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "Appraisals are presumptively valid and may be set aside only for fraud, bad faith, a material mistake, or a lack of understanding or completion of the contractually assigned task. Discovery into the appraisal requires prima facie evidence of such a claim.", "limits": "Decided with a dissent. AUA has not checked later Wisconsin treatment.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "State Farm Lloyds v. Johnson", "state": "TX", "court": "Supreme Court of Texas", "date": "2009-07-03", "citation": "290 S.W.3d 886", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2167431/state-farm-lloyds-v-johnson/", "topics": [ "causation", "coverage" ], "summary": "Appraisers may decide causation to the extent needed to set the amount of loss; \"any appraisal necessarily includes some causation element.\" Liability questions remain for the courts.", "limits": "Applies to the policy language before the court; later Texas decisions refine when appraisal is compelled.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "McGowan v. Progressive Preferred Insurance Co.", "state": "GA", "court": "Supreme Court of Georgia", "date": "2006-10-30", "citation": "281 Ga. 169", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1392389/mcgowan-v-progressive-preferred-insurance/", "topics": [ "coverage" ], "summary": "An appraisal clause can only resolve a disputed issue of value, not broader issues of liability; using it that way would make it an arbitration clause, which is impermissible in insurance contracts. Appraisal did not moot the insured's fraud, contract and RICO claims.", "limits": "An automobile total-loss case. Georgia's Court of Appeals applied the rule to a homeowners policy in Lam.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Kacha v. Allstate Insurance Co.", "state": "CA", "court": "California Court of Appeal, Fourth District", "date": "2006-06-01", "citation": "140 Cal.App.4th 1023", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2304560/kacha-v-allstate-insurance/", "topics": [ "coverage", "causation", "award" ], "summary": "An appraisal panel exceeded its powers by making coverage determinations; the award was ordered vacated.", "limits": "California-specific; the panel's powers can be broadened only by the parties' agreement.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Johnson v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co.", "state": "FL", "court": "Supreme Court of Florida", "date": "2002-09-26", "citation": "828 So. 2d 1021", "url": "https://static.case.law/so2d/828/html/1021-01.html", "topics": [ "causation", "coverage" ], "summary": "Causation is a coverage question for the court when the insurer wholly denies a covered loss, and an amount-of-loss question for the appraisal panel when the insurer admits a covered loss and disputes its amount.", "limits": "AUA has not checked later Florida decisions applying the rule.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Friday v. Trinity Universal of Kansas", "state": "KS", "court": "Supreme Court of Kansas", "date": "1997-05-30", "citation": "262 Kan. 347", "url": "https://static.case.law/kan/262/html/0347-01.html", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "Held that the policy's appraisal provision was a form of arbitration clause prohibited in insurance contracts by K.S.A. 5-401(c)(1).", "limits": "K.S.A. 5-401 was repealed in 2018. AUA has not reviewed how Kansas courts treat appraisal clauses under the current act.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Massey v. Farmers Insurance Group", "state": "OK", "court": "Supreme Court of Oklahoma", "date": "1992-06-02", "citation": "837 P.2d 880 (corrected June 22, 1992)", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1180051/massey-v-farmers-insurance-group/", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "Answering a certified question, the court held that the statutory appraisal clause in 36 O.S. §4803(G) makes an award binding on the party that invoked appraisal but not on the party compelled to participate.", "limits": "Concerns the statutory standard fire policy clause. A separate opinion by Justice Opala would have answered the question more narrowly. AUA has not checked later Oklahoma decisions.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Rawlings v. Amco Insurance Co.", "state": "NE", "court": "Supreme Court of Nebraska", "date": "1989-04-21", "citation": "231 Neb. 874", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1745119/rawlings-v-amco-insurance/", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "A homeowners policy's appraisal clause binding the parties to a nonjudicial determination of the amount of a future loss was against public policy and unenforceable; summary judgment for the insurer was reversed.", "limits": "The Nebraska Department of Insurance still cites the decision in its 2022 guidance IGD-C11. AUA has not checked later Nebraska decisions.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Bainter v. United Pacific Insurance Co.", "state": "WA", "court": "Court of Appeals of Washington, Division III", "date": "1988-01-07", "citation": "50 Wash. App. 242", "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/6965610/bainter-v-united-pacific-insurance/", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "Affirmed confirmation of an appraisal award. An invoked award is generally conclusive on the amount of loss, but allegations of bias, prejudice or lack of disinterestedness by an appraiser or umpire can raise fact questions for a jury.", "limits": "Older intermediate appellate decision. AUA has not checked later Washington treatment.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "Hendricks v. American Fire & Casualty Co.", "state": "SC", "court": "Supreme Court of South Carolina", "date": "1966-05-02", "citation": "247 S.C. 479", "url": "https://static.case.law/sc/247/html/0479-01.html", "topics": [ "award" ], "summary": "Where the insurer admitted liability and only the amount was disputed, appraisal was proper. A mistake of judgment does not vitiate an award; an otherwise valid award stands unless fraud or lack of impartiality is shown.", "limits": "A 1966 decision on a tractor loss. AUA has not checked later South Carolina treatment.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" }, { "name": "L.D. Jennings Co. v. North River Insurance Co.", "state": "SC", "court": "Supreme Court of South Carolina", "date": "1934-02-07", "citation": "171 S.C. 548", "url": "https://static.case.law/sc/171/html/0548-01.html", "topics": [ "impartiality" ], "summary": "Allegations that the insured's appraiser and the umpire adopted the insured's figures without investigation or submission of differences stated a defense of partiality and bias to an action on the award.", "limits": "A ruling on the pleadings; the case returned to the court after trial in 1935 (175 S.C. 407), which AUA has not reviewed.", "verified_at": "2026-10-20" } ] }